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He earns ВЈ 1,000, with a ВЈ 200 bonus, a month.ДЄ 2017 survey by Seafish, the public body overseeing the UK industry, estimated that foreign nationals accounted for 39% of all deckhands in the UK. вЂњIf you complain, you get fired,вЂќ he says. They say вЂfuck youвЂ™ and вЂAre you senseless?вЂ™ вЂњ вЂњДЄppia adds: вЂњSometimes the skipper loses his temper. One doesnвЂ™t care if itвЂ™s a storm, the waves are big. In addition to working continuous overtime, he says he is verbally abused and forced to go fishing in weather that other vessels avoid. A timetable onboard reads six hours вЂwork, six hoursвЂ™ rest, he says. It is lobbying for a switch to a skilled workersвЂ™ visa, which would give them more protection.ДЄppiaвЂ™s contract states the hours of work are вЂњin accordance with the operational requirementsвЂќ of the vessel. The International Transport Workers Federation (ITF) describes transit visas as the вЂњstarting point for labor abuseвЂќ of migrants working in the UK fishing industry. Crew members on transit visas are tied to a single employer and forced to live onboard the vessel. Offloading the catch from a trawler in Eyemouth, Berwickshire. Researchers found they worked excessive hours on an average salary of ВЈ 3.51 an hour, a third of BritainвЂ™s living wage and a fraction of the share of the catch earned by EU and UK crew.

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It found that crew on UK fishing boats from outside the European Economic Area (EEA), which covers EU and European Free Trade Association states, experience exploitation, violence, racism and abuse. The accounts come after a study published last month by the University of Nottingham Rights Lab, which focuses on modern slavery. вЂњI donвЂ™t have a choice to go to another boat where the skipper is good and the money is good.вЂќ вЂњMy visa doesnвЂ™t allow me to go get another job,вЂќ says Appia. They add that boat owners use the confusion and ambiguities in immigration rules to threaten workers with deportation and to control them. Migrants in the fishing industry who spoke to the Guardian say the loophole allows them to be exploited and mistreated. They told us if you donвЂ™t take the ticket and go home, weвЂ™ll call immigration вЂMichaelвЂ™ Consequently, they are tied to a single employer and forced to live onboard the vessel, leaving the worker reliant on the job for their accommodation, food etc. Those on transit visas have no legal authority to вЂњenterвЂќ the UK without permission when they return to port. Boat owners apply for transit visas on the basis that their vessel operates вЂњwholly or mainlyвЂќ outside UK territorial waters, which are defined as more than 12 nautical miles from shore. вЂњДЄppia was hired on a transit visa, intended to allow non-British crew to join ships leaving UK ports for international waters.

If you do forget something, like connecting and disconnecting thick wires on the dredgesвЂ¦ you could be dead. вЂњWorking overtime continuously reduces your strength and leaves you overstressed,вЂќ he says, speaking from a ship in a Scottish port, from a small cabin he shares with three other migrants.

Fishermen in Northern Ireland prepare to head out to sea.